{"title":"Bioactive Research Peptides","description":"  \u003cp\u003eExplore the bioactive research peptides currently available from Bulk Peptides. Compare compound names, presentations, and product information for your laboratory procurement requirements.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReview the relevant research guides for scientific context and contact our team for available batch documentation when your project requires a specific analytical specification.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor laboratory research use only. Not for human or veterinary use.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"vip","title":"VIP","description":"\u003ch2\u003eVIP Research Peptide\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eVIP is supplied for laboratory research involving peptide reference materials. Review the available presentation and product documentation before selecting material for your analytical workflow.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eProduct information\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelect from the presentations shown on this page. For a specific batch or analytical requirement, contact \u003ca href=\"mailto:support@bulkpeptides.org\"\u003esupport@bulkpeptides.org\u003c\/a\u003e for available product documentation before ordering.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/pages\/vip-research-guide\"\u003eRead the VIP research guide\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor laboratory research use only.\u003c\/strong\u003e Not for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, treatment, or clinical application.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003csection class=\"product-research-information\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eProduct research information\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVIP possesses the molecular formula \u003cstrong\u003eC₁₄₇H₂₃₈N₄₂O₄₃\u003c\/strong\u003e. Structurally, it is a linear polypeptide consisting of 28 amino acids and belongs to the glucagon\/secretin superfamily of peptides. In biological systems, the endogenous hormone acts via two primary G-protein-coupled receptors, designated VPAC1 and VPAC2. Laboratory synthesized VIP is utilized to examine these receptor interactions and the subsequent activation of the adenylate cyclase-cAMP signaling cascade.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScientific studies focus heavily on the peptide’s potent vasodilatory and bronchodilatory effects. In in vitro assays and animal models, researchers observe how the administration of VIP influences the relaxation of smooth muscle tissues, particularly within the gastrointestinal tract and pulmonary system. This mechanism provides a crucial framework for studying altered vascular resistance and blood flow dynamics under controlled experimental conditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBeyond its hemodynamic properties, VIP is extensively investigated for its immunomodulatory and neuroprotective potential. Research indicates that the peptide may downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL-6, while promoting the release of anti-inflammatory mediators. Additionally, it is studied for its role in maintaining the circadian rhythm within the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Investigators utilize this molecule to understand the complex neuro-immune axis and cellular survival pathways during induced inflammatory stress.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eReferences\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDelgado, M., et al. (2004). “Vasoactive intestinal peptide: neuromodulator and immune regulator.” \u003cem\u003eTrends in Neurosciences\u003c\/em\u003e, 27(10), 615-623.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHenning, R. J., \u0026amp; Sawmiller, D. R. (2001). “Vasoactive intestinal peptide: cardiovascular effects.” \u003cem\u003eCardiovascular Research\u003c\/em\u003e, 49(1), 27-37.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrenneman, D. E. (2007). “Neuroprotection: a comparative view of vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide.” \u003cem\u003ePeptides\u003c\/em\u003e, 28(9), 1720-1726.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e","brand":"Bulk Peptides","offers":[{"title":"10 MG","offer_id":51303542096039,"sku":null,"price":70.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0770\/0384\/9895\/files\/vip.png?v=1788654812"},{"product_id":"melanotan-1-mt-1","title":"Melanotan 1 (MT-1)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eMelanotan 1 (MT-1) Research Peptide\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMelanotan 1 (MT-1) is available as a peptide material for controlled laboratory research. Use the product listing and available batch information to assess its suitability for your research requirements.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eProduct information\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelect from the presentations shown on this page. For a specific batch or analytical requirement, contact \u003ca href=\"mailto:support@bulkpeptides.org\"\u003esupport@bulkpeptides.org\u003c\/a\u003e for available product documentation before ordering.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/pages\/melanotan-1-research-guide\"\u003eRead the Melanotan 1 (MT-1) research guide\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor laboratory research use only.\u003c\/strong\u003e Not for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, treatment, or clinical application.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003csection class=\"product-research-information\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eProduct research information\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMelanotan 1 (MT-1), also known in scientific literature as afamelanotide, possesses the molecular formula \u003cstrong\u003eC₇₈H₁₁₁N₂₁O₁₉\u003c\/strong\u003e. It is structurally comprised of a linear chain of 13 amino acids. Unlike the cyclic structure of Melanotan 2 (MT-2), MT-1 more closely mirrors the native structure of α-MSH, albeit with specific amino acid substitutions designed to resist rapid enzymatic degradation and extend its stability in laboratory assays.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScientific studies focus predominantly on the interaction between MT-1 and the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), which is located on the surface of melanocytes. Upon binding, MT-1 activates the adenylyl cyclase signaling pathway, subsequently increasing intracellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP). This cascade triggers the upregulation of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a crucial step that promotes the expression of tyrosinase and drives the synthesis of melanin (melanogenesis).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn research models, MT-1 is utilized to study isolated pigmentation pathways without the confounding variables associated with central nervous system stimulation. Because MT-1 exhibits significantly lower binding affinity for central melanocortin receptors (such as MC3R and MC4R) compared to MT-2, researchers use it to examine cellular photoprotection, DNA repair mechanisms in skin cell cultures, and the extracellular matrix response to simulated solar damage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eReferences\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHadley, M. E., \u0026amp; Dorr, R. T. (2006). “Melanocortin peptide therapeutics: historical milestones, clinical studies and commercialization.” \u003cem\u003ePeptides\u003c\/em\u003e, 27(4), 921-930.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdel-Malek, Z. A., et al. (2006). “Alpha-MSH tripeptide analogs activate the melanocortin 1 receptor and reduce UV-induced DNA damage in human melanocytes.” \u003cem\u003ePigment Cell Research\u003c\/em\u003e, 19(5), 428-434.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEberle, A. N., et al. (1991). “Melanocyte-stimulating hormone: structure-activity relationships, receptor binding and signal transduction.” \u003cem\u003eJournal of Receptor Research\u003c\/em\u003e, 11(1-4), 311-322.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e","brand":"Bulk Peptides","offers":[{"title":"10 MG","offer_id":51303542161575,"sku":null,"price":55.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0770\/0384\/9895\/files\/melanotan-1-mt-1.png?v=1788657752"},{"product_id":"melanotan-2-mt-2","title":"Melanotan 2 (MT-2)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eMelanotan 2 (MT-2) Research Peptide\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMelanotan 2 (MT-2) is offered for laboratory and analytical research. It is a separate catalog material from Melanotan 1; confirm the exact identity and presentation specified by your project before ordering.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eProduct information\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelect from the presentations shown on this page. For a specific batch or analytical requirement, contact \u003ca href=\"mailto:support@bulkpeptides.org\"\u003esupport@bulkpeptides.org\u003c\/a\u003e for available product documentation before ordering.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/pages\/melanotan-2-research-guide\"\u003eRead the Melanotan 2 (MT-2) research guide\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor laboratory research use only.\u003c\/strong\u003e Not for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, treatment, or clinical application.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003csection class=\"product-research-information\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eProduct research information\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMelanotan 2 (MT-2) is a synthetic analogue of the naturally occurring alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (α-MSH) with the molecular formula \u003cstrong\u003eC₅₀H₆₉N₁₅O₉\u003c\/strong\u003e. Structurally, it is an octapeptide characterized by a lactam bridge that creates a cyclic configuration. This cyclic structure is designed to increase metabolic stability and prolong the biological half-life of the peptide against enzymatic degradation in laboratory environments compared to the linear endogenous hormone.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScientific studies focus heavily on the interaction between MT-2 and the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R). Upon activation of MC1R in cellular models, the peptide stimulates adenylyl cyclase, leading to an increase in intracellular cAMP. This signaling cascade upregulates the transcription factor MITF, which promotes the expression of tyrosinase and the subsequent synthesis of melanin (melanogenesis) within melanocyte cultures.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBeyond pigmentation, MT-2 is investigated for its high binding affinity to central melanocortin receptors, specifically MC3R and MC4R. In murine models, activation of these neural pathways is utilized to study the central regulation of energy homeostasis, specifically assessing reductions in food intake and changes in basal energy expenditure. Additionally, the peptide’s interaction with the MC4R pathway is frequently examined in research regarding erectile function and the central nervous system mechanisms governing arousal.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eReferences\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDorr, R. T., et al. (1996). “Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical study.” \u003cem\u003eLife Sciences\u003c\/em\u003e, 58(20), 1777-1784.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHadley, M. E., \u0026amp; Dorr, R. T. (2006). “Melanocortin peptide therapeutics: historical milestones, clinical studies and commercialization.” \u003cem\u003ePeptides\u003c\/em\u003e, 27(4), 921-930.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWessells, H., et al. (2000). “Melanocortin receptor subtypes involved in penile erection.” \u003cem\u003eJournal of Endocrinology\u003c\/em\u003e, 167(1), 17-24.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e","brand":"Bulk Peptides","offers":[{"title":"10 MG","offer_id":51303542194343,"sku":null,"price":55.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0770\/0384\/9895\/files\/melanotan-2-mt-2.png?v=1788657799"},{"product_id":"ara-290","title":"ARA-290","description":"\u003ch2\u003eARA-290 Research Peptide\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eARA-290 is available as a peptide reference material for qualified laboratory teams. Compare the available presentation and request relevant batch information when your work requires a specific analytical specification.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eProduct information\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelect from the presentations shown on this page. For a specific batch or analytical requirement, contact \u003ca href=\"mailto:support@bulkpeptides.org\"\u003esupport@bulkpeptides.org\u003c\/a\u003e for available product documentation before ordering.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/pages\/ara-290-research-guide\"\u003eRead the ARA-290 research guide\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor laboratory research use only.\u003c\/strong\u003e Not for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, treatment, or clinical application.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003csection class=\"product-research-information\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eProduct research information\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eARA-290 research peptide\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eARA-290 is offered as a peptide reference material for qualified researchers conducting controlled laboratory investigations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProduct details\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFormat: lyophilized research material\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCatalog group: bioactive research peptides\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInventory: displayed stock reflects the currently available research lot\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHandling: follow the product label and institutional laboratory procedures\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only.\u003c\/strong\u003e This material is intended for qualified laboratory research. It is not a drug, food, cosmetic, or medical product and is not for human or veterinary use.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e","brand":"Bulk Peptides","offers":[{"title":"10 MG","offer_id":51303542292647,"sku":"BP-ARA290","price":80.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0770\/0384\/9895\/files\/ara-290.png?v=1788656965"},{"product_id":"pt-141-10mg","title":"PT-141 10mg","description":"\u003ch2\u003ePT-141 10mg Research Peptide\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePT-141 is supplied in a 10mg presentation for analytical and laboratory research. Review the listed product details and research reference guide when planning your material requirements.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eProduct information\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelect from the presentations shown on this page. For a specific batch or analytical requirement, contact \u003ca href=\"mailto:support@bulkpeptides.org\"\u003esupport@bulkpeptides.org\u003c\/a\u003e for available product documentation before ordering.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/pages\/pt-141-bremelanotide-research-guide\"\u003eRead the PT-141 10mg research guide\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor laboratory research use only.\u003c\/strong\u003e Not for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, treatment, or clinical application.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003csection class=\"product-research-information\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eProduct research information\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePT-141 10mg research peptide\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePT-141 is supplied as a 10mg peptide reference material for qualified researchers working in controlled, non-clinical environments.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProduct details\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmount: 10mg\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFormat: lyophilized research material\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCatalog group: bioactive research peptides\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHandling: follow institutional laboratory procedures and labeled storage guidance\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only.\u003c\/strong\u003e This material is intended for qualified laboratory research. It is not a drug, food, cosmetic, or medical product and is not for human or veterinary use.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e","brand":"Bulk Peptides","offers":[{"title":"10 MG","offer_id":51303542358183,"sku":"BP-PT141-10","price":68.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0770\/0384\/9895\/files\/pt-141-10mg.png?v=1788657600"},{"product_id":"epitalon-50mg","title":"Epitalon 50mg","description":"\u003ch2\u003eEpitalon 50mg Research Peptide\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEpitalon is available in a 50mg presentation for qualified laboratory research. The research library discusses the terminology and evidence associated with Epitalon, also commonly written Epithalon.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eProduct information\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelect from the presentations shown on this page. For a specific batch or analytical requirement, contact \u003ca href=\"mailto:support@bulkpeptides.org\"\u003esupport@bulkpeptides.org\u003c\/a\u003e for available product documentation before ordering.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/pages\/epitalon-research-guide\"\u003eRead the Epitalon 50mg research guide\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor laboratory research use only.\u003c\/strong\u003e Not for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, treatment, or clinical application.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003csection class=\"product-research-information\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eProduct research information\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEpitalon 50mg research peptide\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEpitalon is offered in a 50mg research presentation for controlled analytical and in-vitro laboratory studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProduct details\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmount: 50mg\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFormat: lyophilized research material\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCatalog group: bioactive research peptides\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHandling: qualified laboratory personnel should follow the label for storage and preparation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only.\u003c\/strong\u003e This material is intended for qualified laboratory research. It is not a drug, food, cosmetic, or medical product and is not for human or veterinary use.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e","brand":"Bulk Peptides","offers":[{"title":"50 MG","offer_id":51303542390951,"sku":"BP-EPITALON-50","price":183.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0770\/0384\/9895\/files\/epitalon-50mg.png?v=1788657622"},{"product_id":"adamax-10mg","title":"Adamax 10mg","description":"\u003ch2\u003eAdamax 10mg Research Material\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdamax is supplied in a 10mg research presentation. For projects requiring a defined sequence or analytical reference, confirm the product identity and available documentation before ordering.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eProduct information\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelect from the presentations shown on this page. For a specific batch or analytical requirement, contact \u003ca href=\"mailto:support@bulkpeptides.org\"\u003esupport@bulkpeptides.org\u003c\/a\u003e for available product documentation before ordering.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/pages\/adamax-research-guide\"\u003eRead the Adamax 10mg research guide\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor laboratory research use only.\u003c\/strong\u003e Not for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, treatment, or clinical application.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003csection class=\"product-research-information\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eProduct research information\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAdamax 10mg research material\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdamax is supplied in a 10mg research presentation for qualified teams conducting controlled laboratory investigations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProduct details\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmount: 10mg\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFormat: lyophilized research material\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCatalog group: bioactive research peptides\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHandling: maintain appropriate laboratory controls and follow labeled storage guidance\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only.\u003c\/strong\u003e This material is intended for qualified laboratory research. It is not a drug, food, cosmetic, or medical product and is not for human or veterinary use.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e","brand":"Bulk Peptides","offers":[{"title":"10 MG","offer_id":51303542456487,"sku":"BP-ADAMAX-10","price":105.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0770\/0384\/9895\/files\/adamax-10mg.png?v=1788650624"},{"product_id":"ta-1-10mg","title":"TA-1 10mg","description":"\u003ch2\u003eTA-1 10mg Research Peptide\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTA-1 is offered in a 10mg presentation for controlled analytical and laboratory work. Review the product information together with the research library reference on thymosin alpha-1.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eProduct information\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelect from the presentations shown on this page. For a specific batch or analytical requirement, contact \u003ca href=\"mailto:support@bulkpeptides.org\"\u003esupport@bulkpeptides.org\u003c\/a\u003e for available product documentation before ordering.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/pages\/thymosin-alpha-1-research-guide\"\u003eRead the TA-1 10mg research guide\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor laboratory research use only.\u003c\/strong\u003e Not for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, treatment, or clinical application.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003csection class=\"product-research-information\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eProduct research information\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTA-1 10mg research peptide\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTA-1 is a synthetic research peptide supplied in a 10mg presentation for analytical workflows and controlled in-vitro study.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProduct details\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmount: 10mg\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFormat: lyophilized research material\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCatalog group: bioactive research peptides\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHandling: trained laboratory personnel only; follow the product label for storage\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only.\u003c\/strong\u003e This material is intended for qualified laboratory research. It is not a drug, food, cosmetic, or medical product and is not for human or veterinary use.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e","brand":"Bulk Peptides","offers":[{"title":"10 MG","offer_id":51303542489255,"sku":"BP-TA1-10","price":140.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0770\/0384\/9895\/files\/ta-1-10mg.png?v=1788657800"},{"product_id":"kisspeptin","title":"Kisspeptin","description":"\u003ch2\u003eKisspeptin Research Peptide\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eKisspeptin is available for laboratory research, with the current product description identifying the Kisspeptin-10 form. Confirm the presentation and available batch information against the exact material specified for your work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eProduct information\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelect from the presentations shown on this page. For a specific batch or analytical requirement, contact \u003ca href=\"mailto:support@bulkpeptides.org\"\u003esupport@bulkpeptides.org\u003c\/a\u003e for available product documentation before ordering.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/pages\/kisspeptin-research-guide\"\u003eRead the Kisspeptin research guide\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor laboratory research use only.\u003c\/strong\u003e Not for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, treatment, or clinical application.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003csection class=\"product-research-information\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eProduct research information\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKisspeptin-10 possesses the molecular formula \u003cstrong\u003eC₆₃H₇₈N₁₈O₁₄\u003c\/strong\u003e and consists of a chain of 10 amino acids. It is derived from the KISS1 gene, which encodes a larger precursor protein known as metastin. This specific fragment is chemically synthesized to retain the bioactive carboxyl-terminal sequence required for receptor binding affinity in laboratory settings.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe primary mechanism of action explored in scientific literature involves the binding of Kisspeptin-10 to the GPR54 receptor. Upon activation, this receptor initiates intracellular signaling cascades involving phospholipase C and calcium mobilization. Studies suggest that this signaling pathway is critical for the depolarization of GnRH neurons, thereby influencing the pulsatile secretion of downstream hormones such as Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn animal models, Kisspeptin-10 is frequently utilized to study the onset of puberty and the regulation of reproductive feedback loops. Research indicates that the peptide may play a pivotal role in metabolic status and reproductive function connection. Investigators also examine the sensitivity of the GPR54 receptor to desensitization following continuous exposure to the ligand in vitro.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eReferences\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGottsch, M. L., et al. (2004). “A role for kisspeptins in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in the mouse.” \u003cem\u003eEndocrinology\u003c\/em\u003e, 145(9), 4073-4077.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOakley, A. E., et al. (2009). “Kisspeptin Signaling in the Brain.” \u003cem\u003eEndocrine Reviews\u003c\/em\u003e, 30(6), 713–743.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKotani, M., et al. (2001). “The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54.” \u003cem\u003eJournal of Biological Chemistry\u003c\/em\u003e, 276(36), 34631-34636.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e","brand":"Bulk Peptides","offers":[{"title":"10 MG","offer_id":51303542620327,"sku":"KISS10MG","price":65.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0770\/0384\/9895\/files\/kisspeptin.png?v=1788658194"},{"product_id":"selank","title":"Selank","description":"\u003ch2\u003eSelank Research Peptide\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelank is offered as a peptide material for qualified laboratory research. Compare the available presentation and product information, and use the research library for a referenced overview of the compound and its evidence limits.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eProduct information\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelect from the presentations shown on this page. For a specific batch or analytical requirement, contact \u003ca href=\"mailto:support@bulkpeptides.org\"\u003esupport@bulkpeptides.org\u003c\/a\u003e for available product documentation before ordering.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/pages\/selank-research-guide\"\u003eRead the Selank research guide\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor laboratory research use only.\u003c\/strong\u003e Not for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, treatment, or clinical application.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003csection class=\"product-research-information\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eProduct research information\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProduct Specifications\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eChemical Name:\u003c\/strong\u003e Selank (TP-7)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCAS Number:\u003c\/strong\u003e 129954-34-3\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Formula:\u003c\/strong\u003e C₃₃H₅₇N₁₁O₉\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e 751.9 g\/mol\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSequence:\u003c\/strong\u003e Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAnalytical results:\u003c\/strong\u003e Review documentation for the exact supplied lot.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized White Powder\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSolubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Soluble in bacteriostatic water or sterile water\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelank is a synthetic peptide with the molecular formula \u003cstrong\u003eC₃₃H₅₇N₁₁O₉\u003c\/strong\u003e. It is structurally composed of the tetrapeptide Tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) with the addition of a Pro-Gly-Pro sequence at the C-terminus. This structural modification is hypothesized to improve the metabolic stability of the peptide in biological mediums compared to endogenous ligands.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScientific investigations have focused on Selank’s ability to modulate the expression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of murine models. Furthermore, studies suggest that the peptide may inhibit the enzymatic degradation of enkephalins, which are endogenous peptides involved in nociception and stress response. This inhibition is believed to extend the half-life of these regulatory molecules within the nervous system.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn behavioral research utilizing rat models, Selank has been observed to affect dopamine and serotonin turnover rates in the frontal cortex. Researchers explore these pathways to understand potential mechanisms related to anxiety-like behavior, memory retention, and learning processes. The peptide is also subject to studies regarding its immunomodulatory properties due to its Tuftsin lineage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eReferences\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSemenova, T. P., et al. (2010). “Comparison of the effects of selank and tuftsin on the metabolism of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain of mice with different phenotypes of emotional and behavioral reactions.” \u003cem\u003eNeuroscience and Behavioral Physiology\u003c\/em\u003e, 40(9), 1007-1012.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKozlovskaya, M. M., et al. (2003). “Selank and short peptides of the tuftsin family in the regulation of adaptive behavior in stress.” \u003cem\u003eNeuroscience and Behavioral Physiology\u003c\/em\u003e, 33(9), 853-860.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUshakova, V. M., et al. (2017). “Gene expression in the hippocampus of rats with different variants of behavior in the elevated plus-maze test under basal conditions and after administration of the peptide selank.” \u003cem\u003eRussian Journal of Genetics\u003c\/em\u003e, 53(2), 239-246.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003c\/ol\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e","brand":"Bulk Peptides","offers":[{"title":"10 MG","offer_id":51303542653095,"sku":"SELANK10MG","price":55.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0770\/0384\/9895\/files\/selank.png?v=1788658246"},{"product_id":"semax","title":"Semax","description":"  \u003ch2\u003eSemax 10mg Research Peptide\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBuy the nominal 10mg Semax presentation from Bulk Peptides for laboratory research. Check the current price and availability in the product option and select the quantity required for your purchase.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eOrder the listed Semax presentation\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis page identifies the Semax material and quantity offered here. Match that presentation to your laboratory specification when comparing it with differently formulated or similarly named products. Product naming alone does not establish equivalent composition.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReview \u003ca href=\"\/pages\/coa?product=semax\"\u003eavailable product reports\u003c\/a\u003e and match the material, presentation, and lot identified in the document. Contact \u003ca href=\"\/pages\/contact-us\"\u003eBulk Peptides support\u003c\/a\u003e when your project requires details not shown in the listing.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eConnect the product with the research\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"\/pages\/semax-research-guide\"\u003eSemax research guide\u003c\/a\u003e separates published experimental findings from broader claims and identifies the underlying references. Use it for scientific context alongside the records for the material you intend to purchase.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf you need a larger quantity or a particular documentation item, contact the team before ordering with the product name, requested amount, and required specification.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor laboratory research only.\u003c\/strong\u003e Not for human or veterinary use, consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or clinical application.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Bulk Peptides","offers":[{"title":"10 MG","offer_id":51303542685863,"sku":"SEMAX10MG","price":65.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0770\/0384\/9895\/files\/semax.png?v=1788658247"},{"product_id":"cjc-1295","title":"CJC-1295 + DAC","description":"  \u003ch2\u003eCJC-1295 With DAC Research Vials\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBuy CJC-1295 with DAC in nominal 5mg and 10mg vial sizes. This product is labeled CJC-1295 + DAC; select the required size to compare its current price and availability.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eChoose the DAC-designated material\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eKeep the DAC designation in your purchasing specification. A product labeled CJC-1295 without DAC or a CJC-1295 blend describes a different preparation. Confirm the exact identity and formulation required for your laboratory work before choosing a listing.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eVial size and documentation\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe milligram option describes the nominal quantity for the selected vial. Review that selection alongside the product and lot records, particularly when comparing suppliers or repeating an earlier purchase.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReview \u003ca href=\"\/pages\/coa?product=cjc-1295\"\u003eavailable product reports\u003c\/a\u003e and match the material, presentation, and lot identified in the document. Contact \u003ca href=\"\/pages\/contact-us\"\u003eBulk Peptides support\u003c\/a\u003e when your project requires details not shown in the listing.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"\/pages\/cjc-1295-research-guide\"\u003eCJC-1295 research guide\u003c\/a\u003e discusses DAC terminology, published studies, and evidence limits. Contact the team with the size and quantity you need for \u003ca href=\"\/pages\/wholesale\"\u003elarger research orders\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor laboratory research only.\u003c\/strong\u003e Not for human or veterinary use, consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or clinical application.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Bulk Peptides","offers":[{"title":"5 MG","offer_id":51303543013543,"sku":"CJC1295","price":55.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 MG","offer_id":51303543046311,"sku":null,"price":99.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0770\/0384\/9895\/files\/cjc-1295.png?v=1788657847"},{"product_id":"ghrh-t44","title":"GHRH-T44","description":"\u003ch2\u003eGHRH-T44 Research Peptide\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGHRH-T44 is offered as a laboratory research peptide. Confirm the full product identity and presentation for your project; this listing should not be treated as interchangeable with the shorter GHRH(1-29) material commonly called sermorelin.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eProduct information\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelect from the presentations shown on this page. For a specific batch or analytical requirement, contact \u003ca href=\"mailto:support@bulkpeptides.org\"\u003esupport@bulkpeptides.org\u003c\/a\u003e for available product documentation before ordering.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/pages\/ghrh-t44-research-guide\"\u003eRead the GHRH-T44 research guide\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor laboratory research use only.\u003c\/strong\u003e Not for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, treatment, or clinical application.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003csection class=\"product-research-information\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eProduct research information\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGHRH-T44 is a synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone analog with the molecular formula C₂₂₁H₃₆₆N₇₂O₆₇S. It is structurally based on the full 44-amino-acid human growth hormone-releasing factor sequence and includes an N-terminal trans-3-hexenoyl modification. This modification has been studied for its ability to improve peptide stability by reducing susceptibility to enzymatic degradation, including degradation associated with dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch involving GHRH-T44 focuses on its interaction with growth hormone-releasing hormone receptors located on somatotroph cells of the anterior pituitary. In laboratory models, receptor binding has been associated with stimulation of endogenous growth hormone signaling and downstream evaluation of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) response. Because this compound acts through the GHRH receptor pathway, it is commonly studied in relation to pulsatile growth hormone release patterns rather than direct growth hormone replacement.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA major area of investigation involves metabolic signaling, lipid metabolism, and body-composition-related research models. Studies have evaluated GHRH analogs for their effects on visceral adipose tissue, hepatic lipid markers, triglyceride regulation, and broader metabolic dysregulation pathways. These research applications make GHRH-T44 useful for studying the relationship between growth hormone axis modulation, lipolysis, and adipose tissue distribution in controlled non-clinical settings.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFerdinandi, E. S., et al. (2007). “Preclinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of TH9507, a growth hormone-releasing factor analog, in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys.” Journal of Endocrinology, 195(1), 1-14.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMakimura, H., et al. (2013). “Reduced growth hormone secretion is associated with increased visceral adiposity in healthy older adults.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology \u0026amp; Metabolism, 98(5), 2090-2097.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStanley, T. L., et al. (2011). “Effects of a growth hormone-releasing hormone analog on endogenous GH pulsatility and insulin sensitivity in healthy men.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology \u0026amp; Metabolism, 96(1), 150-158.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e","brand":"Bulk Peptides","offers":[{"title":"10 MG","offer_id":51303543079079,"sku":"GHRH-T44-10MG","price":79.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0770\/0384\/9895\/files\/ghrh-t44.png?v=1788658194"},{"product_id":"ipamorelin","title":"Ipamorelin","description":"\u003ch2\u003eIpamorelin Research Peptide\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIpamorelin is available for qualified analytical and laboratory research. Use the current listing to compare presentation and availability, and request any documentation needed for your protocol before ordering.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eProduct information\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelect from the presentations shown on this page. For a specific batch or analytical requirement, contact \u003ca href=\"mailto:support@bulkpeptides.org\"\u003esupport@bulkpeptides.org\u003c\/a\u003e for available product documentation before ordering.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/pages\/ipamorelin-research-guide\"\u003eRead the Ipamorelin research guide\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor laboratory research use only.\u003c\/strong\u003e Not for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, treatment, or clinical application.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003csection class=\"product-research-information\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eProduct research information\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIpamorelin is a synthetic peptide with the molecular formula \u003cstrong\u003eC₃₈H₄₉N₉O₅\u003c\/strong\u003e. It is chemically defined as a pentapeptide (Aib-His-D-2-Nal-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) and was developed to mimic the ghrelin mimetic activity of GHRP-1. Structural modifications were introduced to enhance its specificity for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, reducing off-target binding affinities observed in earlier generations of GHRPs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScientific studies investigate the interaction between Ipamorelin and the pituitary gland. Upon binding to the GHS-R1a receptor, the peptide initiates a signaling cascade involving phospholipase C and inositol triphosphate. This mechanism leads to the release of growth hormone from somatotrophs. A key area of research focuses on its selectivity profile; unlike GHRP-6 or GHRP-2, Ipamorelin has demonstrated a lack of significant stimulation regarding adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol plasma levels in experimental models.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to pituitary function, researchers explore the effects of Ipamorelin on gastric motility and bone metabolism. Studies in rodent models suggest that the peptide may influence gastric emptying rates and longitudinal bone growth rates. The peptide is also used to study the long-term effects of sustained growth hormone pulsatility on body composition and lean muscle mass accumulation without the side effects associated with non-selective secretagogues.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eReferences\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRaun, K., et al. (1998). “Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue.” \u003cem\u003eEuropean Journal of Endocrinology\u003c\/em\u003e, 139(5), 552-561.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJohansen, P. B., et al. (1999). “Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats.” \u003cem\u003eGrowth Hormone \u0026amp; IGF Research\u003c\/em\u003e, 9(2), 106-113.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSvensson, J., et al. (2000). ” The ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin increases body weight and food intake in mice.” \u003cem\u003eObesity Research\u003c\/em\u003e, 8, 269.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e","brand":"Bulk Peptides","offers":[{"title":"10 MG","offer_id":51303543111847,"sku":"IPAM10MG","price":90.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0770\/0384\/9895\/files\/ipamorelin.png?v=1788658194"},{"product_id":"mots-c","title":"MOTS-C","description":"  \u003ch2\u003eBuy MOTS-C Research Peptide\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompare MOTS-C in nominal 10mg, 20mg, and 40mg vial sizes for laboratory research. Choose the required presentation above to see the current price and availability, then select your order quantity.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eCompare the three listed vial sizes\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eUse the milligram quantity to distinguish the 10mg, 20mg, and 40mg options. A larger presentation changes the package quantity; it does not by itself establish a different formulation or analytical specification. Confirm those details for the selected material when they matter to your method.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReview \u003ca href=\"\/pages\/coa?product=mots-c\"\u003eavailable product reports\u003c\/a\u003e and match the material, presentation, and lot identified in the document. Contact \u003ca href=\"\/pages\/contact-us\"\u003eBulk Peptides support\u003c\/a\u003e when your project requires details not shown in the listing.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eResearch context and purchasing support\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eMOTS-C is discussed in mitochondrial-peptide research. Our \u003ca href=\"\/pages\/mots-c-research-guide\"\u003eMOTS-C research guide\u003c\/a\u003e reviews the original studies, experimental models, and limits of the evidence. Literature findings are separate from the documentation for a product lot.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor a larger material requirement or a recurring laboratory purchase, send the intended vial size, quantity, and documentation criteria through the \u003ca href=\"\/pages\/wholesale\"\u003ewholesale inquiry page\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor laboratory research only.\u003c\/strong\u003e Not for human or veterinary use, consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or clinical application.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Bulk Peptides","offers":[{"title":"10 MG","offer_id":51303543242919,"sku":null,"price":70.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 MG","offer_id":51303543275687,"sku":"motsc-20mg-single","price":140.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"40 MG","offer_id":51303741915303,"sku":null,"price":200.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0770\/0384\/9895\/files\/mots-c.png?v=1788658062"},{"product_id":"nad","title":"NAD+","description":"\u003ch2\u003eNAD+ Research Compound\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNAD+ is offered as a laboratory research compound. As a coenzyme rather than a peptide chain, it has its own identity and analytical requirements; review the listed product information for your research workflow.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eProduct information\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelect from the presentations shown on this page. For a specific batch or analytical requirement, contact \u003ca href=\"mailto:support@bulkpeptides.org\"\u003esupport@bulkpeptides.org\u003c\/a\u003e for available product documentation before ordering.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/pages\/nad-plus-research-guide\"\u003eRead the NAD+ research guide\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor laboratory research use only.\u003c\/strong\u003e Not for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, treatment, or clinical application.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003csection class=\"product-research-information\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eProduct research information\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNAD+ is a coenzyme with the molecular formula \u003cstrong\u003eC₂₁H₂₇N₇O₁₄P₂\u003c\/strong\u003e. It is the oxidized form of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, characterized by the presence of a positive charge on the nitrogen atom of the nicotinamide ring. This structure allows it to accept electrons during metabolic reactions, converting to NADH. In laboratory settings, NAD+ is essential for studying cellular respiration, specifically the transfer of electrons in the mitochondrial electron transport chain.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBeyond its role in redox signaling, NAD+ is investigated as a necessary substrate for several classes of enzymes. Most notably, it is required for the activity of Sirtuins (Class III histone deacetylases), which regulate gene expression, cellular aging, and stress resistance. It also serves as a substrate for PARPs, which are enzymes involved in DNA repair and genomic stability. The consumption of NAD+ by these enzymes links cellular metabolic status directly to chromatin structure and transcriptional regulation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScientific studies frequently utilize NAD+ to examine the decline of mitochondrial function associated with age-related metabolic changes. Research in murine models suggests that intracellular NAD+ levels decrease over time, prompting investigations into supplementation pathways and precursor molecules. Investigators monitor these levels to understand the mechanisms of circadian rhythm regulation and neuroprotection in vitro.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eReferences\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eImai, S., \u0026amp; Guarente, L. (2014). “NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease.” \u003cem\u003eTrends in Cell Biology\u003c\/em\u003e, 24(8), 464-471.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRajman, L., et al. (2018). “Therapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The In Vivo Evidence.” \u003cem\u003eCell Metabolism\u003c\/em\u003e, 27(3), 529-547.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYing, W. (2008). “NAD+\/NADH and NADP+\/NADPH in cellular functions and cell death: regulation and biological consequences.” \u003cem\u003eAntioxidants \u0026amp; Redox Signaling\u003c\/em\u003e, 10(2), 179-206.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\u003c\/section\u003e","brand":"Bulk Peptides","offers":[{"title":"500 MG","offer_id":51303543341223,"sku":"klow-80mg-single-1-1-3-1","price":95.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0770\/0384\/9895\/files\/nad.png?v=1788658062"},{"product_id":"thymalin-10mg","title":"Thymalin 10mg","description":"\u003ch2\u003eThymalin 10mg Research Material\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eReview the nominal 10mg lyophilized presentation listed as Thymalin for laboratory procurement and analytical research. Match your material specification to the exact product label and supplied lot documents before selecting this item.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eProduct documentation\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe product name, identity result, nominal quantity, and represented lot should agree across the label and analytical report. A similar thymic-peptide name does not establish that two materials share the same identity or composition.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eLaboratory selection\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eUse the documentation to determine whether the material is appropriate for your analytical method and institutional requirements. This listing does not assign an amino-acid sequence or molecular formula to an unverified preparation.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eContact \u003ca href=\"\/pages\/contact-us\"\u003eBulk Peptides support\u003c\/a\u003e for product documentation. Our \u003ca href=\"\/pages\/how-to-read-peptide-coa\"\u003eguide to reading a Certificate of Analysis\u003c\/a\u003e explains how to match an analytical report to its material.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor laboratory research only.\u003c\/strong\u003e Not for human or veterinary use, consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or clinical application.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Bulk Peptides","offers":[{"title":"10 MG","offer_id":51303744700583,"sku":null,"price":68.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0770\/0384\/9895\/files\/thymalin-10mg.png?v=1788662346"}],"url":"https:\/\/bulkpeptides.org\/collections\/bioactive-research-peptides.oembed","provider":"Bulk Peptides","version":"1.0","type":"link"}